Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone possessing extensive pharmacologic potential. Additionally, to its multiple metabolic effects, GLP-1 also exhibits cardiac and neuroprotective effects. Native GLP-1 is not used as a medicinal agent, however, now GLP-1 analogues structurally similar to it and having a long-lasting effect have been developed and used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The review focuses on the neuroprotective effect of these drugs and discusses possible mechanisms of this effect. Aim: To identify information about experimental and clinical evidence about the role of GLP-1 analogues in brain protection in neurodegenerative dis[1]eases. Materials and Methods: The review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement; publications were searched for in the PubMed, MedLine, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases covering the period from 2014 to 2024. Results: The publications provide strong evidence of the association between T2DM and cognitive impairment, as well as information on the effectiveness of GLP-1 analogues in the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Possible mechanisms are discussed. Conclusion: This review shows that GLP-1 can prevent cognitive and motor disorders. There is sufficient experimental evidence of the neurotropic activity of the drugs, and clinical trials are ongoing.

To date, hematologic inflammation coefficients (HICs) have been considered as biological markers linking the functions of the immune, endocrine, and autonomous nervous systems. HICs are markers of immune abnormalities that accompany various pathologic conditions and, to a large extent, determine disease prognosis, survival time, and function. According to the results of a meta-analysis covering the results of examination of more than 168 thousand patients, it was found that the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (NLR) is associated with higher levels in patients with metabolic syndrome and can potentially be used for early detection of this pathology. Given these facts, it seems reasonable to test the assumption of the role of HICs in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, their participation in the mechanisms of development of comorbid conditions, or predicting the outcome and effects of therapy. In 2024, the team of the Bekhterev Center began to perform work under the state assignment of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the purpose of which was to develop and validate a model for predicting individual risks of metabolic disorders in patients with psychiatric disorders, on the basis of which interpretive software will be presented. The team of authors of this article focused on conducting a systematic review of publications to test this hypothesis.

Vascular cognitive disorders (VCD) are one of the most common forms of non-psychotic mental disorders with a variable phenotype and rate of progression, transformation into vascular dementia. VCD is characterized by development against the background of existing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which explains the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to their diagnosis and treatment. The study of new mechanisms of development of VCD can help in finding the key to the development of innovative diagnostic methods and personalized treatment approaches. The purpose of this thematic review is to search, generalize and systematize domestic and foreign research in the field of fundamental neurology using methods of modeling VCD in experimental animals. The authors conducted a search for publications in the databases PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, Clinical Keys, Scopus, Oxford Press, Cochrane, e-Library using keywords and their combinations. The publications for 2005-2024 were analyzed, including original studies of VCD and vascular dementia.

The problem of psychopharmacotherapy safety is actively studied, but remains unresolved, despite the development of new generations of psychotropic drugs (PDs). Neurotoxic adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of the leading causes of pseudo-resistance of mental disorders and patient disability. The development of neurotoxic ADRs is genetically determined, and caused by a slowdown in the efflux of PDs from the brain into the blood through the blood-brain barrier. Of the three transport proteins involved in the efflux of PDs, the most clinically significant and studied is glycoprotein P, encoded by the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene. This transport protein is involved in the efflux of a large number of PDs used in real clinical practice of a psychiatrist. Objective: To study the frequency of the non-functional allele 3435T of the single-nucleotide variant rs1045642 of the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene in patients with mental disorders living in the Northwestern region of the Russia. Methods: The study included 71 Caucasians patients with mental disorders (34 male and37 female). Mean age of the study participants was 35.1±16 years). Real-time polymerase chain reaction used for pharmacogenetic testing. Results: The frequency of the nonfunctional homozygous genotype 3435TT (phenotype "poor transporter") was 19.7%, and the frequency of the low-functional heterozygous genotype 3435CT (phenotype "intermediate transporter") was 57.7%. The allelic frequency of T rs1045642 of the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene in Caucasians patients with mental disorders living in the Northwestern region of the Russia was 97.1%. Conclusions: The frequency the nonfunctional allele 3435T of the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene associated with a slowdown in PDs efflux through BBB in patients with mental disorders living in the Northwestern region of the Russia is high, which explains the need for a wider introduction of this method of personalized medicine into real psychiatric practice.

 Suicide is a serious public health problem. Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the Republic of Tajikistan. This article presents reports on suicide cases in the country, taking into account cultural and ethnic aspects, and suggests preventive approaches to improving the suicidal situation in the Republic of Tajikistan.