Tic disorders, in particular Tourette syndrome, are a neurodevelopmental disorder common in children. Clinical manifestations of these disorders vary significantly depending on individual characteristics, age, gender, and the presence or absence of comorbidities. The pathophysiology of these disorders is believed to include a combination of genetic, environmental, psychological, immunological, and neurobiological factors. From the point of view of fundamental neurophysiology, Tourette syndrome is associated with a neurochemical imbalance of monoamines and morphometric changes affecting, in particular, neural networks that provide motor acts: the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cingulate cortex. To date, numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of many more brain areas, such as the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. This article presents the latest studies affecting the morphometric features of cerebral structures in patients with Tourette syndrome. During the analysis of the literature, a connection was revealed between the clinical manifestations of the disease and the morphometric characteristics of the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, cingulate gyrus and prefrontal cortex of patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

Background: Anxiety and depression are still the most common complaints of patients when visiting a doctor. Methods: The purpose of the study was to identify gender characteristics of the manifestation of anxiety (anxiety disorders). Results: Clinically significant anxiety (anxiety disorders) in women occurs 1-6.-2.5 times more often than in men. Anxiety disorders in women are characterized by a less stable response to treatment, a more unfavorable course, and a tendency to relapse and become chronic.Conclusions: there are gender differences in the development of anxiety and anxiety disorders/

Haloperidol (HLP) is a general medication in the treatment of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and acute mania. One of HLP’s advantages compared to other antipsychotics, such as olanzapine or clozapine, is its relatively low risk of significant weight gain, making it more suitable for patients requiring strict weight control. However, despite this comparatively favorable profile, some patients may experience moderate weight gain with long-term use of HLP. This side effect can be attributed to several factors. First, HLP affects metabolic processes, which may lead to changes in appetite and reduced physical activity. Second, the drug can increase prolactin levels, which is associated with the development of hyperprolactinemia—a condition that may contribute to weight gain and the emergence of other components of metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance. Third, HLP may promote increased oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. These mechanisms underscore the need for monitoring patients on HLP to promptly detect and manage potential metabolic side effects. Objective: To update the knowledge of practicing psychiatrists and clinical pharmacologists about a personalized approach to the prevention of metabolic syndrome in patients with psychiatric disorders when taking HLP. Methods: Full-text articles published from 01.09.2013 to 01.09.2024 were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, eLIBRARY.RU, and Google Scholar. Results: This review analyses and summarizes the results of foreign and domestic studies on the effect of haloperidol on the development of metabolic syndrome, the role of risk factors and hereditary predisposition in the development of HLP -induced metabolic syndrome in patients with psychiatric disorders.

Conclusion: Generalized data on the effect of HLP on the development of metabolic syndrome in patients with psychiatric disorders may be required by psychiatrists and clinical pharmacologists when selecting the dose and duration of haloperidol administration. Predictive pharmacogenetic testing may help to reduce the probability of this adverse drug reaction and increase the compliance of haloperidol therapy.

The problem of adverse drug reactions (ADR) development in psychopharmacotherapy is one of the current issues in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. One of the most common ADRs when taking antipsychotics is the development of metabolic syndrome. This reduces the quality of life of patients and increases the risk of premature death of patients due to cardiovascular diseases. Markers of systemic inflammation are a predictor of the development of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. One of these hematological coefficients is the  monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR). Objective: to conduct a systematic review of scientific publications based on the relationship between MLR and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: The initial search identified 120 articles from the Pubmed and ScienceDirect databases. The inclusion criterion for the study is the relationship between the MLR and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Result: Screening did not yield any publications suitable for systematic review.

Antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism (AIP) is a form of secondary parkinsonism that most often develops with blockade of dopaminergic receptors type D2. However, AIP can oc-cur not only while taking first-generation APs, but also new ones that have a wider receptor pro-file. There is a connection between the DRD3 gene and the regulation of motor activity in associa-tion genetic studies of AIP; Aim: to study the role of single-nucleotide variant rs167771 of the DRD3 gene, encoding dopaminergic receptors D3 type, with the risk of AIP in Caucasian patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) of North-West Russia; Methods: The study in-volved 91 participants permanently residing in Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region (North-West Russia), including: group 1 - 30 patients (SSDs with AIP); group 2 - 29 patients (SSDs without AIP); group 3 (control) - 32 healthy volunteers. All participants underwent: a neurological exami-nation using scales and questionnaires (H&Y, MoCa, UPDRS, BARS, AIMS, ESRS) at two points (before and after 8 weeks on AP monotherapy) and an association genetic study of carriage of major and minor alleles and genotypes of rs167771 of the DRD3 gene with a risk of developing AIP; Results: According to the study, it was shown that AIP is characterized by bradykinesia with a decrease in the amplitude of multidirectional movements. Mild/moderate asymmetry in the severity of action tremor according to the hemi-type on the left. The allelic frequency of the stud-ied rs167771 of the DRD3 gene in Caucasians of North-West Russia was comparable to that in the countries of Northern Europe, also in the countries of Southeast Asia and some regions of North and South America. The obtained clinical data are typical for the early stage of development of AIP, which is missed in more than 80% of cases by the 8th week from the start of taking AP. The major allele A of rs167771 of the DRD3 gene is protective against the risk of SSDs (OR < 0.001), but not AIP (OR > 0.05); Conclusions: We have not found a significant association of rs167771 of the DRD3 gene with the risk of developing AIP in Caucasians in North-West Russia.