Increasing evidence suggests that bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system, also known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis, plays a key role in brain development and function. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as one of the main microbial metabolites, have a broad multifactorial effect on many physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body, including the central nervous system. It is known that there are correlations between the phenotype of patients with a nervous system disorder and the SCFAs profile. Currently, the most informative and reliable method for the quantitative assessment of SCFAs is gas chromatography (GC), however, such studies of the SCFAs profile in the case of diseases of the nervous system are limited, and until now scientific experience in this area has not been generalized. In this regard, the purpose of this review is to summarize the diagnostic value of SCFAs profile in the case of nervous and mental disorders, as well as to demonstrate the capabilities of gas chromatography for studying the metabolic profile of these diseases.

Introduction: An imbalance of the genetically determined cytokine response plays a key role in the etiology of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). In recent years, an attempt has been made to evaluate the prognostic role of systemic inflammation in the development of TRS.  The problem requires a multidisciplinary approach on the part of the specialists in the following clinical disciplines: psychiatry, immunology, experimental medicine and pharmacogenetics. The solution of this problem is possible with the involvement of preventive and personalized medicine. The purpose: Evaluation the prognostic role of genetic polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the development of TRS. Materials and Methods: We conducted a keyword-based analysis of the English and Russian-language articles published within the past 5 years. The following databases were used in the study: PubMed, MedLine, Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), Web Science, Russian Science Citation Index, Scopus, Scientific Research, Google Scholar, Oxford Press, and eLibrary. Results: In a number of the analyzed works, an increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokine production was noted in patients with TRS. Based on this, single nucleotide variants (SNVs), their influence on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes, as well as their predictor role in the development of TRS. The most promising SNVs for further studies were identified. Conclusion: The risk of developing TRS is associated with a genetically determined status of the cytokine response and its regulation. Studies of the association of various SNVs of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines in the Russian Federation need to be continued.

This brief review presents Russian and foreign models of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which are used to gain new knowledge about the pathophysiology of the development of this disease, as well as to search for sensitive and specific biomarkers of AMI and associated pathologies, including vascular cognitive disorders. However, modeling vascular cognitive disorders associated with AMI is a challenging task. Re-searchers need to take into account the additive effect of ischemia of striated muscles (myocardium or skeletal muscles) and central anesthetics during the simulation of AMI in experimental animals.

All physiological processes necessary for high athletic performance, including energy production in skeletal muscles and the peculiarities of metabolic processes (phosphogenic pathway, glycolytic, aerobic) are genetically determined. The enzyme Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase is an important regulator of skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. The identification of genetic biomarkers that determine the effectiveness of ATP resynthesis is one of the priorities of sports genetics. (1) Background: To study the associations of SNV rs17602729 (C34T) allelic variants and genotypes of the AMPD1 gene with qualification and competitive distance in Caucasian athletes of the Southern Urals. (2) Methods: 173 people of European origin who lived in the Southern Urals region took part in the study. The first group included 123 cyclical sports athletes (speed skating, running disciplines in track-and-field): SD (short distances) subgroup ‒ 40 sprinters (mean - 22.1 ± 2.4 y.o.); MD (middle distances) subgroup ‒ 38 athletes (mean - 20.1 ± 2.5 y.o.); subgroup LD (long distances) – 45 stayer athletes (mean - 22.6 ± 2.7 y.o.). The control group consisted of 50 healthy non–athletes (mean ‒ 21.4 ± 2.7 y.o.). We used the Step One Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA) device for real-time polymerase chain reaction. (4) Conclusions: the common allele with rs17602729 of the AMPD1 gene can be considered as a biomarker associated with short and medium competitive distances. It can help in the selection of elite athletes who require effective performance of anaerobic sports loads. The variable T allele is an unfavorable biomarker (negative predictor) for achieving the status of Honored Master of Sports and Sport Master of International Class in athletics and speed skating, regardless of the competitive distance.

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder. It is treated with antipsychotics, which have a high risk of adverse reactions. One of these adverse reactions is metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and the mortality rate of patients with schizophrenia. Various studies have shown an association between hematological parameters and metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the use of hematological predictors as a diagnostic tool can help identify risks and timely correct antipsychotic therapy for preventing metabolic syndrome. One of the most promising predictors are hematological inflammation coefficients obtained on the basis of a clinical blood test. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and the index of systemic immune inflammation (SII), are inexpensive, easy-to-detect markers of systemic inflammation. This case report of a 48-year-old female patient with paranoid schizophrenia, hematological inflammation coefficients were increased during antipsychotic therapy compared to the baseline. At the start of clozapine therapy, the highest levels of systemic inflammatory markers were recorded, after which the patient developed metabolic syndrome. In this case, stopping clozapine therapy when the level of hematological inflammatory coefficients increases would prevent the development of metabolic syndrome in the patient. Markers of systemic inflammation can help doctors diagnose metabolic syndrome early. This may reduce rates of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and thus reduce mortality in patients with schizophrenia. This case report demonstrates that wider implementation of hematological predictors of metabolic syndrome into real clinical practice could help significantly improve the safety of antipsychotic therapy.