Preview

Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology

Advanced search

Clinical Features of Subjective Cognitive Decline in The Early Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease

https://doi.org/10.52667/2712-9179-2023-3-2-3-14

Abstract

Subclinical stage of the disease precedes the clinical stage of moderate cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) — a condition in which the level of cognitive function habitual for the subject gradually begins to decrease. In 2021, researchers from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) clinical criteria for the diagnosis of SCD have been proposed, as well as features that increase the probability of preclinical stage AD in patients with moderate cognitive impairment have been identified. Patients should be offered a complex of examinations — questionnaires regarding the impact of memory impairment on current cognitive activity (forgetfulness, searching for things, difficulty finding words, etc.), testable self-report of cognitive dynamics, neuropsychological testing and diagnosis of pathopsychological changes such as depression and anxiety. It would appear that counselling in the form of interviews and/or testing of persons able to provide relevant information about the patient should be included in the examination of patients with complaints of memory disorders, regardless of their degree of severity. It may be necessary to conduct a survey on the patient’s daily activity, ability to self-service (score, orientation, planning, control and so on), as well as to obtain information about any memory-related changes that have become visible to others, because it is the data from the partner/relative that increase the predictive value of the diagnostic. The modern approach to the study of cognitive functions in elderly people without dementia in the long-term is certainly able to help identify people with a high risk of developing AD.

About the Authors

J. V. Kotsiubinskaya
V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology
Russian Federation

Julia V. Kotsiubinskaya

192019 St. Petersburg

Tel.: 8 (812) 412 71 28



V. A. Mikhailov
V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology
Russian Federation

Vladimir A. Mikhailov

192019 St. Petersburg

Tel.: 8 (812) 412 71 28



A. V. Kazakov
V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology
Russian Federation

Anton V. Kazakov

192019 St. Petersburg



References

1. Atri A. The Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Spectrum: Diagnosis and Management. Med Clin North Am. 2019; 103(2): 263-293. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.009

2. Weller, J.; Budson, A. Current understanding оf Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment. F1000Res. 2018; 7: F1000 Faculty Rev-1161. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14506.1

3. Alzheimer, A.; Stelzmann, R.A; Schnitzlein, H.N.; Murtagh, F.R. An English translation of Alzheimer's 1907 paper, "über eine eigenartige Erkankung der Hirnrinde". Clin Anat. 1995; 8(6): 429-31. DOI: 10.1002/ca.980080612

4. Alzheimer, A. Über eigenartige Krankheitsfälle des späteren Alters. Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 1911; 4: 356–385.

5. Bondi, M.W.; Edmonds, E.C.; Salmon, D.P. Alzheimer’s Disease: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of the International Neuropsy-chological Society. 2017; 23(9-10): 818-831. DOI: 10.1017/s135561771700100x

6. Blessed, G.; Tomlinson, B.E.; Roth, M. The Association between Quantitative Measures of Dementia and of Senile Change in the Cerebral Grey Matter of Elderly Subjects. Br J Psychiatry. 1968; 114(512):797-811. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.114.512.797

7. Folstein, M.F.; Folstein, S.E.; McHugh, P.R. Mini-mental state. J of Psychiatric Research. 1975; 12(3):189–198. DOI: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

8. Albert, M.L.; Feldman, R.G.; Willis, A.L. The ‘subcortical dementia’ of progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psy-chiatry. 1974; 37:121–130. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.37.2.121

9. Hardy, J.A.; Higgins, G.A. Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science. 1992; 10;256(5054):184-185. DOI: 10.1126/science.1566067

10. Bloom, G.S. Amyloid-beta and tau: the trigger and bullet in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. JAMA Neurol. 2014; 71(4):505-508. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5847

11. Dubois, B.; Feldman, H.H.; Jacova, C.; Hampel, H.; Molinuevo, J.L.; Blennow, K.; DeKosky, S.T.; Gauthier, S.; Selkoe, D.; Bate-man, R.; Cappa, S.; Crutch, S.; Engelborghs, S.; Frisoni, G.B.; Fox, N.C.; Galasko, D.; Habert, M.; Jicha, G.A.; Nordberg, A.; Pasquier, F.; Rabinovici, G.; Robert, P.; Rowe, C.; Salloway, S.; Sarazin, M.; Epelbaum, S.; de Souza, L.C,; Bruno, V.; Pieter, V.J.; Schneider, S. Y.; Scheltens, P.; Cummings, J.L. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13(6): 614-629. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70090-0

12. Albert, M.S.; De Kosky, S.T.; Dickson, D.; Dubois, B.; Feldman, H.H.; Fox, N.C.; Gamst, A.; Holtzman, D.M.; Jagust, W.J.; Pe-tersen, R.C.; Snyder, P.J.; Carrillo, M.C.; Thies, B.; Phelps, C.H. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2011; 7(3): 270–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008

13. Mutlu, J.; Landeau, B.; Gaubert, M.; de La Sayette, V.; Béatrice, D.; Chételat, G. Distinct influence of specific versus global con-nectivity on the different Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Brain. 2017; 140(12): 3317-3328. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx279

14. Brueggen, K.; Dyrba, M.; Cardenas-Blanco, A.; Schneider, A.; Fliessbach, K.; Buerger, K.; Janowitz, D.; Peters, O.; Menne, F.; Priller, J.; Spruth, E.; Wiltfang, J.; Vukovich, R.; Laske, C.; Buchmann, M.; Wagner, M.; Röske, S.; Spottke, A.; Rudolph, J.; Metz-ger, C.D.; Kilimann, I.; Dobisch, L.; Düzel, E.; Jessen, F.; Teipel, S.J. Structural integrity in subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease based on multicenter diffusion tensor imaging. Journal of Neurology. 2019; 266(10): 2465-2474. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09429-3

15. Toledo, J.B.; Bjerke, M.; Chen, K.; Rozycki, M.; Jack, C.R.; Weiner, M.W.; Arnold, S.E.; Reiman, E.M.; Davatzikos, C.; Shaw, L.M.; Trojanowski, J.Q. Memory, executive, and multidomain subtle cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2015; 85(2): 144–153. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001738

16. Kemppainen, N.M.; Aalto, S.; Karrasch, M.; Någren, K.; Savisto, N.; Oikonen, V.; Viitanen, M.; Parkkola, P.; Rinne, J.O. Cognitive reserve hypothesis: Pittsburgh Compound B and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in relation to education in mild Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2008; 63: 112–118. DOI: 10.1002/ana.21212

17. Yaffe, K.; Weston, A.; Graff-Radford, N.R.; Graff-Radford, N.R.; Satterfield, S.; Simonsick, T.M.; Younkin, S.G.; Younkin, L.H.; Kuller, l.; Ayonayon, H.N.; Ding, J.; Harris, T.B. Association of plasma beta-amyloid level and cognitive reserve with subsequent cognitive decline. JAMA. 2011; 305: 261–266. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1995

18. Amariglio, R.E.; Mormino, E.C.; Pietras, A.C.; Amariglio, R.E.; Mormino, E.C.; Pietras, A.C.; Marshall, G.A.; Vannini, P.; John-son, K.A.; Sperling, R.A.; Rentz, D.M. Subjective cognitive concerns, amyloid-, and neurodegeneration in clinically normal el-derly. Neurology. 2015; 85(1): 56–62. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001712

19. Miebach, L.; Wolfsgruber, S.; Polcher, A.; Peters, O.; Menne, F.; Luther, K.; Incesoy, E.; Priller, J.; Spruth, E.; Altenstein, S.; Buerger, K.; Catak, C,; Janowitz, D.; Perneczky, R.; Utecht, J.; Laske, C.; Buchmann, M.; Schneider, A.; Fliessbach, K.; Kalbhen, P.; Heneka, M.T.; Brosseron, F.; Spottke, A.; Roy, N.; Teipel, S.J.; Kilimann, I.; Wiltfang, J.; Bartels, C.; Düzel, E.; Dobisch, L.; Metzger, C.; Meiberth, D.; Ramirez, A.; Jessen, F.; Wagner, M. Which features of subjective cognitive decline are related to amyloid pathology? Findings from the DELCODE study. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 2019; 11: 66. DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0515-y

20. Katzman R. The prevalence and malignancy of Alzheimer disease: A major killer. Arch Neurol. 1976; 33(4): 217-218. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1976.00500040001001

21. Bondi, M.W.; Edmonds, E.C.; Salmon, D.P. Alzheimer’s Disease: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of the International Neuropsy-chological Society. 2017; 23(9-10): 818–831. DOI: 10.1017/S135561771700100X

22. Amieva, H.; Le Goff, M.; Millet, X.; Orgogozo, J.M.; Pérès, K.; Barberger-Gateau, P.; Jacqmin-Gadda, H.; Dartigues, J.F. Prodro-mal Alzheimer’s disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms. Ann Neurol. 2008; 64(5): 492-498. DOI: 10.1002/ana.21509

23. Jack, C.R.; Albert, M.S.; Knopman, D.S.; McKhann, G.M.; Sperling RA, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alz-heimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2011; 7(3): 257–262. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.004

24. Starchina, Yu.A.; Zakharov, V.V. Severity and treatment of cognitive impairment. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021; 13(3): 119-124 (In Russ.) DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-3-119-124

25. Yakhno, N.N.; Tkacheva, O.N.; Gavrilova, S.I.; Levin, O.S.; Bogolepova, A.N.; Mkhitaryan, E.A.; Cherdak, M.A.; Kolykhalov, I.V.; Rotshtein, V.G.; Sidenkova, A.P. Comprehensive interdisciplinary and interdepartmental program for prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment of cognitive disorders in older and senile people. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2022; (1): 6-16. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.37586/2686-8636-1-2022-6-16

26. Program for the prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment of cognitive disorders in elderly and senile people: Meth-odological recommendations / Edited by O.N. Tkachev. - Moscow, publishing house "Prometheus", 2019 - 72 p.

27. Sperling, R.A.; Aisen, P.S.; Beckett, L.A.; Bennett, D.A.; Craft, S.; Fagan, A.M.; Iwatsubo, T.; Jack, C.R.; Kaye, J.; Montine, T.J.; Park, D.C.; Reiman, E.M.; Rowe, C.C.; Siemers, E.; Stern, Y.; Yaffe, K.; Carrillo, M.C.; Thies, B.; Morrison-Bogorad, M.; Wagster, M.V.; Phelps, C.H. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2011; 7(3): 280–292. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003

28. Stewart, R.; Godin, O.; Crivello, F.; Maillard, P.; Mazoyer, B.; Tzourio, C.; Dufouil, C. Longitudinal neuroimaging correlates of subjective memory impairment: 4-year prospective community study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2011; 198(3): 199–205. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.078683

29. Albert, M.S.; DeKosky, S.T.; Dickson, D.; Dubois, B.; Feldman, H.H.; Fox, N.C.; Gamst, A.; Holtzman, D.M.; Jagust, W.J.; Pe-tersen, R.C.; Snyder, P.J.; Carrillo, M.C.; Thies, B.; Phelps, C.H. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011; 7: 270–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008

30. Lin, Y.; Shan, P.Y.; Jiang, W.J.; Yan, L.; Can, S.; Lin, M. Subjective cognitive decline: preclinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol Sci. 2019; 40(1): 41-49. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3620-y

31. Levin, O.S.; Vasenina, E.E. Diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment: textbook / O.S. Levin, E.E. Vasenina; "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education". – M.: GBOU DPO RMAPO, 2013. – 51 p.

32. Numbers, K.; Crawford, J.D.; Kochan, N.A.; Brian, D.; Perminder, S.; Henry, B.; Hemachandra, R. Participant and informant memory-specific cognitive complaints predict future decline and incident dementia: Findings from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(5): e0232961. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232961

33. Petersen, R.C. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 2004; 256(3): 183-94. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004. 01388.x

34. Winblad, B.; Palmer, K.; Kivipelto, M.; Jelic, V.; Fratiglioni, L.; Wahlund, L.O.; Nordberg, A.; Bäckman, L.; Albert, M.; Almkvist, O.; Arai, H.; Basun, H.; Blennow, K.; De Leon, M.; DeCarli, C.; Erkinjuntti, T.; Giacobini, E.; Graff, C.; Hardy, J.; Jack, C.; Jorm, A.; Ritchie, K.; van Duijn, C.; Visser, P.; Petersen, R.C. Mild cognitive impairment– beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2004; 256(3): 240–6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796. 2004.01380.x

35. Koberskaya, N.N.; Ostroumova, T.M. Near-moderate cognitive decline. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2020; 12(2): 92-97. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2020-2-92-97

36. Yakhno, N.N.; Zakharov, V.V.; Koberskaya, N.N.; Grishina, D.A.; Lokshina, A.B.; Savushkina, I.Y.; Mkhitaryan, E.A.; Posokhov, S.L. "Pre-moderate" (subjective and mild) cognitive impairment. Neurological Journal. 2017; 22(4): 198-204. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9545-2017-22-4-198-204

37. Yakhno, N.N.; Koberskaya, N.N.; Zakharov, V.V.; Grishina, D.A.; Lokshina, A.B.; Mkhitaryan, E.A.; Posokhov, S.L.; Savushkina, I.Y. The influence of age, gender, comorbide cardiovascular and emotional factors on subjective cognitive decline. Neurological Journal. 2018; 23(4): 184-90. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-4-184-189

38. Yakhno, N.N.; Koberskaya, N.N.; Zakharov, V.V.; Grishina, D.A.; Lokshina, A.B.; Mkhitaryan, E.A.; Savushkina, I.Yu. Influence of the age factor on pre-mild cognitive impairment. Russian neurological journal. 2019; 24(5): 32-37. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.30629/2658-7947-2019-24-5-32-37

39. Jessen, F.; Amariglio, R.E.; Buckley, R.F.; Wiesje, M.F.; Ying, H.; Molinuevo, J.L.; Rabin, L.; Rentz, D.M.; Rodriguez-Gomez, O.; Saykin, A.J.; Sietske, A.M.S.; Smart, C.M.; Wolfsgruber, S.; Wagner, M. The characterisation of subjective cognitive decline. The Lancet Neurology. 2020; 19(3): 271-278. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30368-0

40. Prichep, L.S.; John, E.R.; Ferris, S.H.; Prichep, L.S.; John, E.R.; Ferris, S.H.; Rausch, L.; Fang, Z.R.; Cancro, R.; Torossian, C.; Reisberg, B. Prediction of longitudinal cognitive decline in normal elderly with subjective complaints using electrophysiological imaging. Neurobiol Aging. 2006; 27: 471–481. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.07.021

41. Reisberg, B.; Gauthier, S. Current evidence for subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) as the pre-mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of subsequently manifest Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008; 20: 1–16. DOI: 10.1017/S1041610207006412

42. Amieva, H.; Le Goff, M.; Millet, X.; Orgogozo, J.M.; Pérès, K.; Barberger-Gateau, P.; Jacqmin-Gadda, H.; Dartigues, J.F. Prodro-mal Alzheimer’s disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms. Ann Neurol. 2008; 64(5): 492-498. DOI: 10.1002/ana.21509

43. Verlinden, V.J.A.; Van Der Geest, J.N.; De Bruijn, R.F.A.G.; Renée, F.A.G.; Albert, H.; Koudstaal, P.J.; Arfan, I.M. Trajectories of decline in cognition and daily functioning in preclinical dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2016; 12(2): 144-153. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.08.001.

44. Hohman, T.J.; Beason-Held, L.L.; Lamar, M.; Resnick, S.M. Subjective cognitive complaints and longitudinal changes in memory and brain function. Neuropsychology. 2011; 25: 125–130. DOI: 10.1037/a0020859

45. Molinuevo, J.L.; Rabin, L.A.; Amariglio, R.; Rachel, B.; Bruno, D.; Kathryn, E.A.; Michael, E.; Harald, H.; Stefan, K.; Lorena, R.; Barry, R.; Andrew, S.J.; Sietske, S.; Colette, S.M.; Beth, S.E.; Reisa, S.; Wiesje, V.F.M.; Michael, W.; Frank, J. Implementation of subjective cognitive decline criteria in research studies. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2016; S1552526016330199. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.09.012

46. Dufouil, C.; Fuhrer, R.; Alperovitch, A. Subjective cognitive complaints and cognitive decline: consequence or predictor? The epidemiology of vascular aging study. J. Am. Geriatr. 2005; 53: 616–21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005. 53209.x

47. Boel, J. A.; De Bie, R.M. A.; Schmand, B.A.; Dalrymple-Alford, J.C.; Connie Marras, C.; Adler, C.H.; Goldman, J.G.; Tröster, A.I.; Burn, D.J.; ILitvan, I,; Geurtsen, G.J. Level I PD-MCI Using Global Cognitive Tests and the Risk for Parkinson's Disease Demen-tia. Mement Disorders Clinical Practice. 2022; 9(4): 413-559. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13451

48. Luck, T.; Roehr, S.; Jessen, F.; Arno, V.; Matthias, A.C.; Steffi, R.H.G.; Andrea, T,; Frank, J.; Christopher, B.; Gordon, W.; Judith, P.; Tony, B. Mortality in individuals with subjective cognitive decline: Results of the leipzig longitudinal study of the aged (LEILA75+). J Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 48 Suppl 1: S33-42. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150090

49. Xiao, S.; Lewis, M.; Mellor, D.; Marita, M.C.; Linda, B.; Tao, W.; Jinghua, W.; Minjue, Z.; Yan, C.; Cece, Y.; Shuhui, D. The China longitudinal ageing study: Overview of the demographic, psychosocial and cognitive data of the Shanghai sample. J Ment Health. 2016; 25(2):131-6. DOI: 10.3109/09638237.2015.1124385

50. Mitchell, A.J.; Beaumont, H.; Ferguson, D.; Yadegarfar, M.; Stubbs, B. Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: Meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014; 130: 439-451. DOI: 10.1111/acps.12336

51. Donovan, N.; Amariglio, R.; Zoller, A.; Rudel, R.K.; Gomez-Isla, T.; Backer, D.; Hyman, B.T.; Locascio, J.J.; Johnson, K.A.; Sper-ling, R.A.; Marshall, G.A.; Rentz, D. Subjective cognitive concerns and neuropsychiatric predictors of progression to the early clinical stages of Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014; 22(12): 1642–1651 7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.02.007

52. Reisberg, B.; Shulman, M.; Torossian, C.; Leng, L.; Zhu, W. Outcome over seven years of healthy adults with and without sub-jective cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2010; 6(1):11–24 8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.10.002

53. Abner, E.; Kryscio, R.; Caban-Holt, A.; Schmitt, F.A. Baseline subjective memory complaints associate with increased risk of incident dementia: the PREADVISE trial. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 2(1): 11-16. DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2015.37

54. Ramakers, I.H.; Visser, P.J.; Bittermann, A.J.; Ponds, R.; Van Boxtel, M.; Verhey, F. Characteristics of helpseekingbehaviour in subjects with subjective memory complaints at a memory clinic: A case-control study. Int J GeriatrPsychiatry. 2009; 24: 190-196. DOI: 10.1002/gps.2092

55. Van der Flier, W.M.; Van der Vlies, A.E.; Weverling-Rijnsburger, De Boer, N.L.; Faiza Admiraal-Behloul, F.; Bollen, E.; Westen-dorp, R.; Van Buchem, M.A.; Middelkoop, H. MRI measures and progression of cognitive decline in nondemented elderly attending a memory clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005; 1060-1066. DOI: 10.1002/gps.1392

56. Roehr, S.; Luck, T.; Heser, K.; Fuchs, A.; Ernst, A.; Wiese, B.; Werle, J.; Bickel, H.; Brettschneider, C.; Koppara, A.; Pentzek, M.; Lange, C.; Prokein, J.; Weyerer, S.; Mösch, E.; König, H.; Maier, W.; Scherer, M.; Jessen, F.; Riedel-Heller, S. Incident Subjective Cognitive Decline Does Not Predict Mortality in the Elderly — Results from the Longitudinal German Study on Ageing, Cog-nition, and Dementia (Age Co De). PLOS ONE. 2016; 11(1): e0147050. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147050

57. Hao, L.; Wang, X.; Zhang, L.; Yue, X.; Qihao, G.; Xiaochen, H.; Bin, M.; Yili, C.; Guanqun, C.; Jing, C.; Xiaodong, Z.; Jiaojiao, L.; Xuanyu, L.; Liu, Y.; Jiachen, L.; Wenying, D.; Yu, S.; Ting, W.; Zhen, L.; Zheng, L.; Xuexue, Z.; Hongyan, L.; Yang, Y.; Xue, W.; Jianguo, J.; Ying, H.; Ling-Qiang, Z. Prevalence, risk factors, and complaints screening tool exploration of subjective cognitive decline in a large cohort of the Chinese population. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017. 60(2): 371–388. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-170347

58. Vasenina, E.E.; Levin, O.S.; Sonin, A.G. Modern trends in epidemiology of dementia and management of patients with cognitive impairment. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2017; 117(62): 87 95. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20171176287-95

59. Bogolepova, A.N.; Vasenina, E.E.; Gomzyakova, N.A.; Gusev, E.I.; Dudchenko, N.G.; Emelin, A.Yu.; Zalutskaya, N.M.; Isaev, R.I.; Kotovskaya, Yu.V.; Levin, O.S.; Litvinenko, I.V.; Lobzin, V.Yu.; Martynov, M.U.; Mkhitaryan, E.A.; Neznanov, N.G.; Pal-chikova, E.I.; Tkacheva, O.N.; Cherdak, M.A.; Chimagomedova, A.Sh.; Yakhno, N.N. Clinical Guidelines for Cognitive Disor-ders in Elderly and Older Patients. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2021; 121(103): 6-137. (In Russ.) DOI:10.17116/jnevro20211211036

60. Yakhno, N.N.; Koberskaya, N.N.; Zakharov, V.V.; Grishina, D.A.; Lokshina, A.B.; Mkhitaryan EA, Posokhov SL, Savushkina IY. The influence of age, comorbid cardiovascular and emotional factors on mild cognitive decline in middle, old and old age. Neurological Journal. 2018; 23(6): 309-15. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9545-2018-23-6-309-315

61. Jessen, F.; Amariglio, R.E.; van Boxtel, M.; Breteler, M.; Ceccaldi, M.; Chetelat, G.; Duboisk, B.; Dufouil, B.; Ellism, K.; van der Fliern, W.; Glodziko, L.; van Hartenn, A.; de Leono, M.; McHugho, P.; Mielkep, M.M.; Molinuevoq, J.L.; Mosconio, L.; Osorioo, R.S.; Perroting, A.; Petersen, R.C.; Rabins, L.A.; Rami, L.; Reisbergo, B.; Rentzd, D.M.; Sachdevv, P.S.; de la Sayetteg, V.; Saykinw, A.; Scheltensn, P.; Shulmano, M.B.; Slavinx, M.; Sperlingd, R.; Stewarty, R.; Uspenskaya, O.; Vellasaa, B.; Vissere, P.; Wagnera, M. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014; 10(6): 844-852. DOI: DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001

62. Kotsiubinskaya, Yu.V.; Kazakov, A.V.; Mikhailov, V.A. Comparative study of cognitive impairment and severity of depression in patients with rigid-bradykinetic and tremor-rigid forms of Parkinson's disease. Siberian Herald of Psychiatry and Addiction Psychiatry. 2022; 1(114): 33-39. DOI: 10.26617/1810-3111-2022-1(114) -33-39. (in Rus).

63. Ionova, T.I.; Frolova, E.V.; Ovakimyan, K.V.; Mkhitaryan, E.A.; Tkacheva, O.N.; Logunov, D.L.; Oskova, A.Yu.; Vasileva, E.A.; Zhitkova, Yu.V.; Gasparyan, A.A.; Lunev, K.V.; Luneva, E.A.; Porfirieva, N.M.; Nikitina, T.P. The use of the Mini-Cog, MMSE, and GPCOG tests in domestic clinical practice for the evaluation of cognitive disorders in elderly and senile patients: the results of a survey of experts’ opinions. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2023; 123(7): 55-64. (In Russ) DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312307155

64. Chutko, L.S.; Surushkina, S.Yu. Functional cognitive disorders. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2022; 122(2): 43 48. (In Russ.) DOI 10.17116/jnevro202212202143.

65. Jessen, F.; Wolfsgruber, S.; Wiese, B.; Bickel, H.; Mösch, E.; Kaduszkiewicz, H.; Pentzek, M.; Riedel-Heller, S.G.; Luck, T.; Fuchs, A.; Weyerer, S.; Werle, J.; van den Bussche, H.; Scherer, M.; Maier, W.; Wagner, M. AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2014; 10: 76-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.017

66. Koppara, A.; Wagner, M.; Lange, C.; Ernst, A.; Wiese, B.; König, H.; Brettschneider, C.; Riedel-Heller, S.; Luppa, M.; Weyerer, S.; Werle, J.; Bickel, H.; Mösch, E.; Pentzek, M.; Fuchs, A.; Wolfsgruber, S.; Beauducel, A.; Scherer, M.; Maier, W.; Jessen, F. Cognitive performance before and after the onset of subjective cognitive decline in old age. Alzheimers Dement. 2015; 1: 194–205. DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2015.02.005

67. Koppara, A.; Frommann, I.; Polcher, A.; Parra, M.A.; Maier, W.; Jessen, F.; Klockgether, T.; Wagner, M.; Tales, A.; Jessen, F.; Butler, C.; Wilcock, G.; Phillips, J.; Bayer, T. Feature binding deficits in subjective cognitive decline and in mild cognitive im-pairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 48(1): 161-170. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150105

68. Rabin, L.A.; Wang, C.; Katz, M.J.; Derby, A.C.; Buschke, H.; Lipton, R.B. Predicting Alzheimer’s Disease: Neuropsychological Tests, Self-Reports, and Informant Reports of Cognitive Difficulties. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2012; 60(6): 1128–1134. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012. 03956.x

69. Dubois, B.; Hampel, H.; Feldman, H.H.; Scheltens, P.; Aisen, P.; Andrieu, S.; Bakardjian, H.; Benali, H.; Bertram, L.; Blennow, K.; Broich, K.; Cavedo, E.; Crutch, S.; Dartigues, J.; Duyckaerts, C.; Epelbaum, S.; Frisoni, G.B.; Gauthier, S.; Genthon, R.; Gouw, A.A.; Habert, M.; Holtzman, D.M.; Kivipelto, M.; Lista, S.; Molinuevo, J.; O'Bryant, S.E.; Rabinovici, G.D.; Rowe, C.; Salloway, S.; Schneider, L.S.; Sperling, R.; Teichmann, M.; Carrillo, M.C.; Cummings, J.; Jack, C.R. Preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: Defini-tion, natural history, and diagnostic criteria. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2016; 12(3): 292–323. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.002

70. Smart, C.M.; Krawitz, A. The impact of subjective cognitive decline on Iowa Gambling Task performance. Neuropsychology. 2015; 29: 971–987. DOI: 10.1037/neu0000204

71. Cornilova, T.V.; Chumacova, M.A.; Cornilov, S.A. Intelligence and success of forecasting strategies in the Iowa test (IGT). Psy-chology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2018; 15 (1):10-21. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8918-2018-1-10-21. (in Rus)

72. Rabin, L.A.; Smart, C.M.; Amariglio, R.E. Subjective Cognitive Decline in Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2017; 13(1): 369–396. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045136

73. Grober, E.; Buschke, H.; Crystal, H.; Crystal, S.; Bang, R. Dresner Screening for dementia by memory testing. Neurology. 1988; 38(6): 900 - 903. DOI:10.1212/wnl.38.6.900

74. Ivnik, R.J.; Smith, G.E.; Lucas, J.A.; Tangalos, E.G.; Kokmen, E.; Petersen, R.C. Free and cued selective reminding test: MOANS norms. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1997; 19(5): 676 – 691. DOI: 10.1080/01688639708403753

75. Donohue, M.C.; Sperling, R.A.; Salmon, D.P.; Rentz, D.M.; Raman, R.; Thomas, R.G.; Weiner, M.; Aisen, P.S. The preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite: measuring amyloid-related decline. JAMA Neurol. 2014; 71: 961–970. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneu-rol.2014.803

76. Jessen, F.; Wiese, B.; Bachmann, C.; Eifflaender-Gorfer, S.; Dipl-Psych, F.H.; Kölsch, H.; Dipl-Psych, T.L.; Mösch, E.; van den Bussche, H.; Wagner, M.; Dipl-Psych, A.W.; Dipl-Psych, T.Z.; Pentzek, M.; Riedel-Heller, S.G.; Romberg, H.; Weyerer, S.; Kadu-szkiewicz, H.; Maier, W.; Bickel, H. Prediction of dementia by subjective memory impairment: effects of severity and temporal association with cognitive impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010; 67(4): 414-22. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.30.

77. Ouanes, S.; Popp, J. High cortisol and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a review of the literature. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2019; 11:43. DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00043

78. Curto, M.; Martocchia, A.; Ferracuti, S.; Comite, F.; Scaccianoce, S.; Girardi, P.; Nicoletti, F.; Falaschi, P. Increased total urinary cortisol (tUC) and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) ratio in Alzheimer disease (AD)-affected patients. Alz-heimerDis. Assoc. Disord. 2017; 31: 173–176. DOI: 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000156

79. Yates, J.A.; Clare, L.; Woods, R.T. Subjective memory complaints, mood and MCI: a follow-up study. Aging & Mental Health. 2017; 21(3): 313–21. DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1081150

80. Buckley, R.F.; Ellis, K.A.; Ames, D.; Rowe, C.C.; Lautenschlager, N.T.; Maruff, P.; Villemagne, V.L; Macaulay, S.L; Szoeke, C.; Martins, R.N.; Masters, C.L.; Savage, G.; Rainey-Smith, S.R.; Rembach, A.; Saling, M.M. Phenomenological characterization of memory complaints in preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology. 2015; 29: 571–8. DOI: 10.1037/neu0000156

81. Buckley, R.F.; Maruff, P.; Ames, D.; Bourgeat, P.; Martins, R.N.; Masters, C.L.; Rainey-Smith, S.; Lautenschlager, N.; Rowe, C.C.; Savage, G.; Villemagne, V.L.; Ellis, KA. Subjective memory decline predicts greater rates of clinical progression in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2016; 12(7): 796–804. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.013

82. Vogel, A.; Salem, L.C.; Andersen, B.B.; Waldemar, G. Differences in quantitative methods for measuring subjective cognitive decline — results from a prospective memory clinic study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016; 28(9): 1513–1520. DOI: 10.1017/S1041610216000272

83. Crook, T.H.; Feher, E.P.; Larrabee, G.J. Assessment of memory complaint in age-associated memory impairment: the MAC-Q. Int Psychogeriatr. 1992; 4(2): 165-76. DOI: 10.1017/s1041610292000991

84. Rami, L.; Mollica, M.A.; García-Sanchez, C.; Saldana, J.; Sanchezc, B.; Salac, I.; Valls-Pedret, C.; Castellv, M.; Olivesa, J.; Molinue-voa, J.L. The subjective cognitive decline questionnaire (SCD-Q): a validation study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014; 41: 453–66. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-132027


Review

For citations:


Kotsiubinskaya J.V., Mikhailov V.A., Kazakov A.V. Clinical Features of Subjective Cognitive Decline in The Early Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology. 2023;3(2):3-14. https://doi.org/10.52667/2712-9179-2023-3-2-3-14

Views: 450


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.


ISSN 2712-9179 (Online)