ppanPersonalized Psychiatry and NeurologyPersonalized Psychiatry and Neurology2712-9179V. M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Bekhterev NMRC PN)10.52667/2712-9179-2021-1-1-3-10ppan-4Research ArticleREVIEWPersonalized approach to antipsychotic-induced weight gain prognosisDobrodeevaV. S.

Vera S. Dobrodeeva

3. Bekhterev str., 192019, Saint-Petersburg, Tel.: +7 (812) 670-02-20 add (7814)

dobro.vera@gmail.comAbdyrahmanovaA. K.

Aiperi K. Abdyrahmanova

3. Bekhterev str., 192019, Saint-Petersburg

NasyrovaR. F.

Regina F. Nasyrova

3. Bekhterev str., 192019, Saint-Petersburg

V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and NeurologyRussian Federation20211505202111310Copyright © Dobrodeeva V.S., Abdyrahmanova A.K., Nasyrova R.F., 20212021Dobrodeeva V.S., Abdyrahmanova A.K., Nasyrova R.F.Dobrodeeva V.S., Abdyrahmanova A.K., Nasyrova R.F.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.jppn.ru/jour/article/view/4

Antipsychotics (APs) are the base of schizophrenia pharmacotherapy. There are large individual differences in effectiveness and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of APs. There is an urgent need for a personalized approach to the therapy. Genetic factors are predisposed to patient's response to APs therapy. Pharmacogenetic studies of APs have examined a number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), of which only a few were associated with therapeutic efficacy and ADRs development. However, only a limited number of these results have clinical applications in psychiatry. Nowadays, it seems promising to study SNVs of leptin system genes (LEP, LEPR) and neuropeptide Y (NRY). Studying the mechanisms of APs-induced weight growth will allow their transmission to a personalized approach. It will help psychiatrists in patients' selection for the APs therapy. This will increase safety and effectiveness of the therapy, improve the quality of life and adherence to therapy in patients with schizophrenia.

pharmacogeneticsleptinLEPLEPRNPYantipsychoticsadverse drug reactionsweight gainschizophreniaReferencesLamberti, J.S.; Bellnier, T.; Schwarkopz, S.B. Weightgain among schizophrenic patients treated withclozapine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992, 149(5), 689-690.Lamberti, J.S.; Bellnier, T.; Schwarkopz, S.B. Weightgain among schizophrenic patients treated withclozapine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992, 149(5), 689-690.Koller, E., Schneider, B., Bennett, K., Dubitsky, G. Clozapine-associated diabetes. The American Journal of Medicine 2001, 111(9), 716-723.Koller, E., Schneider, B., Bennett, K., Dubitsky, G. Clozapine-associated diabetes. The American Journal of Medicine 2001, 111(9), 716-723.Newcomer, J.W. Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics and Metabolic Effects. CNS Drugs 2005, 19(1), 1-93.Newcomer, J.W. Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics and Metabolic Effects. CNS Drugs 2005, 19(1), 1-93.Calle, E.E., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., Thun, M.J. Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults. New England Journal of Medicine 2003,348(17), 1625-1638.Calle, E.E., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., Thun, M.J. Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults. New England Journal of Medicine 2003,348(17), 1625-1638.Blackburn, G.L. Blackburn Weight gain and antipsychotic medication. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000, 61(8), 36-41.Blackburn, G.L. Blackburn Weight gain and antipsychotic medication. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000, 61(8), 36-41.Dietz, W.H. Childhood Weight Affects Adult Morbidity and Mortality. The Journal of Nutrition 1998, 128(2), 411-414.Dietz, W.H. Childhood Weight Affects Adult Morbidity and Mortality. The Journal of Nutrition 1998, 128(2), 411-414.Reynolds, G.P., Kirk, S.L. Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drug treatment-pharmacological mechanisms Pharmacology and Therapeutic. 2010, 125(1),169-179.Reynolds, G.P., Kirk, S.L. Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drug treatment-pharmacological mechanisms Pharmacology and Therapeutic. 2010, 125(1),169-179.Dickerson, F.B., Brown, C.H., Kreyenbulh, J.A., Fang, L., Goldberg, R.W., et al. Obesity among individuals with serious mental illness. Acta Psychiatr Scandinavica 2006, 113(4), 306-313.Dickerson, F.B., Brown, C.H., Kreyenbulh, J.A., Fang, L., Goldberg, R.W., et al. Obesity among individuals with serious mental illness. Acta Psychiatr Scandinavica 2006, 113(4), 306-313.Wirshing, D.A. Schizophrenia and obesity: impact of antipsychotic medications. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 2004, 65(18), 1326.Wirshing, D.A. Schizophrenia and obesity: impact of antipsychotic medications. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 2004, 65(18), 1326.Velho, S., Paccaud, F., Waeber, G., Vollenweider, P., Marques-Vidal, P. Metabolically healthy obesity: different prevalences using different criteria. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010, 64(10), 1043-1051.Velho, S., Paccaud, F., Waeber, G., Vollenweider, P., Marques-Vidal, P. Metabolically healthy obesity: different prevalences using different criteria. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010, 64(10), 1043-1051.Nemeroff, C.B. Dosing the antipsychotic medication olanzapine. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 1997, 58(10), 45-49.Nemeroff, C.B. Dosing the antipsychotic medication olanzapine. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 1997, 58(10), 45-49.Jalenques, I., Tauveron, I., Albuisson, E., Audy, V., Fleury-Duhamel, N., Coudert, A.J. Weight Gain as a Predictor of Long Term Clozapine Efficacy Clinical Drug Investigation. 1996, 12(1), 16-25.Jalenques, I., Tauveron, I., Albuisson, E., Audy, V., Fleury-Duhamel, N., Coudert, A.J. Weight Gain as a Predictor of Long Term Clozapine Efficacy Clinical Drug Investigation. 1996, 12(1), 16-25.Haupt, D.W. Differential metabolic effects of antipsychotic treatments. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 16, 149-155.Haupt, D.W. Differential metabolic effects of antipsychotic treatments. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 16, 149-155.Peuskens, J., Link, C.G.G. A comparison of quetiapine and chlorpromazine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1997, 96(4), 265-273.Peuskens, J., Link, C.G.G. A comparison of quetiapine and chlorpromazine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1997, 96(4), 265-273.Baptista, T. Body weight gain induced by antipsychotic drugs: mechanisms and management. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1999, 100(1), 3-16.Baptista, T. Body weight gain induced by antipsychotic drugs: mechanisms and management. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1999, 100(1), 3-16.Klett, C.J., Caffey, E.M. Weight changes during treatment with phenothiazine derivatives. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 1960, 2, 102108.Klett, C.J., Caffey, E.M. Weight changes during treatment with phenothiazine derivatives. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 1960, 2, 102108.Gordon, H.L. Weight Change During and After Hospital Treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 1964, 10(2), 187.Gordon, H.L. Weight Change During and After Hospital Treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 1964, 10(2), 187.Hales, С.М., Carroll, M.D., Fryar, C.D., Ogden, C.L. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 20172018. NCHS Data Brief 2020, 360, 1-8.Hales, С.М., Carroll, M.D., Fryar, C.D., Ogden, C.L. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 20172018. NCHS Data Brief 2020, 360, 1-8.Gopalaswamy, A.K., Morgan, R. Too many chronic mentally disabled patients are too fat. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1985, 72(3), 254-258.Gopalaswamy, A.K., Morgan, R. Too many chronic mentally disabled patients are too fat. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1985, 72(3), 254-258.Baptista, T., Teneud, L., Contreras, Q., Alastre, T., et al. Lithium and Body Weight Gain. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995, 28(02), 35-44.Baptista, T., Teneud, L., Contreras, Q., Alastre, T., et al. Lithium and Body Weight Gain. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995, 28(02), 35-44.Robinson, R.G., McHugh, P.R., Folstein, M.F. Measurement of appetite disturbances in psychiatric disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975, 12(1), 59-68.Robinson, R.G., McHugh, P.R., Folstein, M.F. Measurement of appetite disturbances in psychiatric disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975, 12(1), 59-68.Padmavati, R., McCreadie, R.G., Tirupati, S. Low prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in never-treated chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2010, 121(1-3), 199-202.Padmavati, R., McCreadie, R.G., Tirupati, S. Low prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in never-treated chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2010, 121(1-3), 199-202.Eli Lilly & Company. Zyprexa (Olanzapine). Lilly Laboratory Monograph. Caracas, Venezuela: Eli Lilly & Company. 1996, 7172.Eli Lilly & Company. Zyprexa (Olanzapine). Lilly Laboratory Monograph. Caracas, Venezuela: Eli Lilly & Company. 1996, 7172.Fruhbeck, G., Gomez-Ambrosi, J., Muruzabal, F.J., Burrell, M.A. The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001, 280(6), 827847.Fruhbeck, G., Gomez-Ambrosi, J., Muruzabal, F.J., Burrell, M.A. The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001, 280(6), 827847.Moller, H.J. Antipsychotic and antidepressive effects of second generation antipsychotics. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2005, 255(3), 190-201.Moller, H.J. Antipsychotic and antidepressive effects of second generation antipsychotics. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2005, 255(3), 190-201.Jalenques, I., Tauveron, I., Albuisson, E., Audy, V., Fleury-Duhamel, N., Coudert, A.J. Weight Gain as a Predictor of Long Term Clozapine Efficacy. Clinical Drug Investigation 1996, 12(1), 16-25.Jalenques, I., Tauveron, I., Albuisson, E., Audy, V., Fleury-Duhamel, N., Coudert, A.J. Weight Gain as a Predictor of Long Term Clozapine Efficacy. Clinical Drug Investigation 1996, 12(1), 16-25.Xu, Y., Jones, J.E., Kohno, D., Williams, K.W., Lee, C.E., et al. 5-HT2CRs Expressed by Pro-Opiomelanocortin Neurons Regulate Energy Homeostasis. Neuron 2008, 60(4), 582-589.Xu, Y., Jones, J.E., Kohno, D., Williams, K.W., Lee, C.E., et al. 5-HT2CRs Expressed by Pro-Opiomelanocortin Neurons Regulate Energy Homeostasis. Neuron 2008, 60(4), 582-589.Templeman, L.A., Reynolds, G.P., Arranz, B., San, L. Polymorphisms of the 5-HT2C receptor and leptin genes are associated with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in Caucasian subjects with a first-episode psychosis. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 2005, 15(4), 195-200.Templeman, L.A., Reynolds, G.P., Arranz, B., San, L. Polymorphisms of the 5-HT2C receptor and leptin genes are associated with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in Caucasian subjects with a first-episode psychosis. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 2005, 15(4), 195-200.Masaki, T., Yoshimatsu, H., Chiba, S., Watanabe, T., Sakata, T. Targeted Disruption of Histamine H1-Receptor Attenuates Regulatory Effects of Leptin on Feeding, Adiposity, and UCP Family in Mice. Diabetes 2001, 50(2), 385-391.Masaki, T., Yoshimatsu, H., Chiba, S., Watanabe, T., Sakata, T. Targeted Disruption of Histamine H1-Receptor Attenuates Regulatory Effects of Leptin on Feeding, Adiposity, and UCP Family in Mice. Diabetes 2001, 50(2), 385-391.Friedman, J., Halaas, J. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 1998, 395, 763-770.Friedman, J., Halaas, J. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 1998, 395, 763-770.Van der Lely, A.J., Tschop, M., Heiman, M.L., Ghigo, E. Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin. Endocrine Reviews 2004, 25(3), 426-457.Van der Lely, A.J., Tschop, M., Heiman, M.L., Ghigo, E. Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin. Endocrine Reviews 2004, 25(3), 426-457.Matsuzawa, Y. Adiponectin and Metabolic Syndrome. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2004, 24(1), 29-33.Matsuzawa, Y. Adiponectin and Metabolic Syndrome. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2004, 24(1), 29-33.Zhang, Z.J., Yao, Z.J., Mou, X.D., Chen, J.F., Zhu, R.X., et al. Association of -2548G/A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of leptin gene with antipsychotic agent-induced weight gain. Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi 2003, 83(24), 2119-2123.Zhang, Z.J., Yao, Z.J., Mou, X.D., Chen, J.F., Zhu, R.X., et al. Association of -2548G/A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of leptin gene with antipsychotic agent-induced weight gain. Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi 2003, 83(24), 2119-2123.Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F., Jeanrenaud, B. Obesity, Leptin, and the Brain. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996, 334(5), 324-325.Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F., Jeanrenaud, B. Obesity, Leptin, and the Brain. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996, 334(5), 324-325.Friedman, J.M. The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology. Nutrition Reviews 2002, 60(10), 1-14.Friedman, J.M. The function of leptin in nutrition, weight, and physiology. Nutrition Reviews 2002, 60(10), 1-14.Halaas, J.L., Gajiwala, K.S., Maffei, M., Cohen, S., Chair, B., et al. Weight reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 1995, 269(5223), 543-546.Halaas, J.L., Gajiwala, K.S., Maffei, M., Cohen, S., Chair, B., et al. Weight reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 1995, 269(5223), 543-546.Ebenbichler, C., Laimer, M., Kranebitter, M., Lechleitner, M., Patsch, J.R., et al. The soluble leptin receptor in olanzapine-induced weight gain: results from a prospective study. Schizophrenia Research 2005, 75(1), 143-146Ebenbichler, C., Laimer, M., Kranebitter, M., Lechleitner, M., Patsch, J.R., et al. The soluble leptin receptor in olanzapine-induced weight gain: results from a prospective study. Schizophrenia Research 2005, 75(1), 143-146Hebebrand, J., Blum, W.F., Barth, N., Coners, H., Englaro, P., et al. Leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa are reduced in the acute stage and elevated upon short-term weight restoration. Molecular Psychiatry.1997, 2(4), 330-334.Hebebrand, J., Blum, W.F., Barth, N., Coners, H., Englaro, P., et al. Leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa are reduced in the acute stage and elevated upon short-term weight restoration. Molecular Psychiatry.1997, 2(4), 330-334.Newcomer, J.W. Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics and Metabolic Effects. CNS Drugs 2005, 19(1), 1-93.Newcomer, J.W. Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics and Metabolic Effects. CNS Drugs 2005, 19(1), 1-93.Arora, S., Anubhuti. Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity—A review. Neuropeptides 2006, 40(6), 375-401.Arora, S., Anubhuti. Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity—A review. Neuropeptides 2006, 40(6), 375-401.Gilpin, N.W. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY): Effects on inhibitory transmission in central amygdala, and anxiety- & alcohol-related behaviors. Alcohol 2012, 46(4), 329-337.Gilpin, N.W. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y (NPY): Effects on inhibitory transmission in central amygdala, and anxiety- & alcohol-related behaviors. Alcohol 2012, 46(4), 329-337.Kraus, T., Haack, M., Schuld, A., Hinzw-Selch, D., Kuhn, M., et al. Body weight and leptin plasma levels during treatment with antipsychotic drugs. The American journal of psychiatry 1999, 156(2), 312-314.Kraus, T., Haack, M., Schuld, A., Hinzw-Selch, D., Kuhn, M., et al. Body weight and leptin plasma levels during treatment with antipsychotic drugs. The American journal of psychiatry 1999, 156(2), 312-314.Mammes, O., Betoulle, D., Aubert, R., Herbeth, B., Siest, G., Fumeron, F. Association of the G-2548A polymorphism in the 50 region of the LEP gene with overweight. Annals of Human Genetics 2000, 64(5), 391-394.Mammes, O., Betoulle, D., Aubert, R., Herbeth, B., Siest, G., Fumeron, F. Association of the G-2548A polymorphism in the 50 region of the LEP gene with overweight. Annals of Human Genetics 2000, 64(5), 391-394.Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., Friedman, J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1995, 374(6521), 425-432.Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., Friedman, J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1995, 374(6521), 425-432.Brandl, E.J., Frydrychowicz, C., Tiwari, A.K., Lett, T.A.P., Kitzrow W, et al. Association study of polymor- phisms in leptin and leptin receptor genes with antipsychotic-induced body weight gain. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2012, 38(2), 134-141.Brandl, E.J., Frydrychowicz, C., Tiwari, A.K., Lett, T.A.P., Kitzrow W, et al. Association study of polymor- phisms in leptin and leptin receptor genes with antipsychotic-induced body weight gain. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2012, 38(2), 134-141.Dobrodeeva, V.S., Tolmachev, M.Y., Shnayder, N.A., Neznanov, N.G., Nasyrova, R.F. Influence of Single Nucleotide Variation of Gene LEP (rs3828942) on Antipsychotic-Induced Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Schizophrenia. Sovremennaya terapiya psihicheskih rasstrojstv 2020, 1, 16-20. (In Russ.).Dobrodeeva, V.S., Tolmachev, M.Y., Shnayder, N.A., Neznanov, N.G., Nasyrova, R.F. Influence of Single Nucleotide Variation of Gene LEP (rs3828942) on Antipsychotic-Induced Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Schizophrenia. Sovremennaya terapiya psihicheskih rasstrojstv 2020, 1, 16-20. (In Russ.).Puangpetch, A., Srisawasdi, P., Unaharassamee, W., Jiratjintana, N., Vanavanan, S., et al. Association between polymorphisms of LEP, LEPR, DRD2, HTR2A and HTR2C genes and risperidone or clozapine-induced hyperglycemia. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2019, 12, 155-166.Puangpetch, A., Srisawasdi, P., Unaharassamee, W., Jiratjintana, N., Vanavanan, S., et al. Association between polymorphisms of LEP, LEPR, DRD2, HTR2A and HTR2C genes and risperidone or clozapine-induced hyperglycemia. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2019, 12, 155-166.Klemettila, J.P., Kampman, O., Seppala, N., Viikki, M., Hamalainen, M., et al. Association study of the HTR2C, leptin and adi-ponectin genes and serum marker analyses in clozapine treated long-term patients with schizophrenia. European Psychiatry 2015, 30(2), 296-302.Klemettila, J.P., Kampman, O., Seppala, N., Viikki, M., Hamalainen, M., et al. Association study of the HTR2C, leptin and adi-ponectin genes and serum marker analyses in clozapine treated long-term patients with schizophrenia. European Psychiatry 2015, 30(2), 296-302.Roffeei, S.N., Mohamed, Z., Reynolds, G.P., Said, M.A., Hatim, A., et al. Association of FTO, LEPR and MTHFR gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients receiving antipsychotics. Pharmacogenomics 2014, 15(4), 477-485.Roffeei, S.N., Mohamed, Z., Reynolds, G.P., Said, M.A., Hatim, A., et al. Association of FTO, LEPR and MTHFR gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients receiving antipsychotics. Pharmacogenomics 2014, 15(4), 477-485.Gregoor, J.G., van der Weide, J., Mulder, H., Cohen, D., van Megen, H.J.G.M., et al. Polymorphisms of the LEP- and LEPR Gene and Obesity in Patients Using Antipsychotic Medication. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2009, 29(1), 21-25.Gregoor, J.G., van der Weide, J., Mulder, H., Cohen, D., van Megen, H.J.G.M., et al. Polymorphisms of the LEP- and LEPR Gene and Obesity in Patients Using Antipsychotic Medication. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2009, 29(1), 21-25.Van der Lely, A.J., Tschop, M., Heiman, M.L., Ghigo, E. Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin. Endocrine Reviews 2004, 25(3), 426-457.Van der Lely, A.J., Tschop, M., Heiman, M.L., Ghigo, E. Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin. Endocrine Reviews 2004, 25(3), 426-457.Tiwari, A.K., Brandl, E.J., Weber, C., Likhodi, O., Zai, C.C., et al. Association of a Functional Polymorphism in Neuropeptide Y With Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Schizophrenia Patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2013, 33(1), 11-17.Tiwari, A.K., Brandl, E.J., Weber, C., Likhodi, O., Zai, C.C., et al. Association of a Functional Polymorphism in Neuropeptide Y With Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Schizophrenia Patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2013, 33(1), 11-17.Nasyrova, R.F., Sivakova, N.A., Ivashhenko, D.V., Sosin, D.N., Ershov, E.E., Sosina, K.A., Akhmetova, L.Sh., Volikova, O.V., Bejbalaeva, T.Z., Neznanov, N.G. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances: state-of-the-art. Obozrenie psikhiatrii i mediczinskoj psikhologii imeni V.M.Bekhtereva 2016, 3, 67-80. (In Russ.).Nasyrova, R.F., Sivakova, N.A., Ivashhenko, D.V., Sosin, D.N., Ershov, E.E., Sosina, K.A., Akhmetova, L.Sh., Volikova, O.V., Bejbalaeva, T.Z., Neznanov, N.G. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances: state-of-the-art. Obozrenie psikhiatrii i mediczinskoj psikhologii imeni V.M.Bekhtereva 2016, 3, 67-80. (In Russ.).Klinicheskay, A. Psihofarmakogenetika pod red. R.F. Nasyrovoj, N.G. Neznanova.—SPb: Izdatel'stvo DEAN. 2019:405. (In Russ.).Klinicheskay, A. Psihofarmakogenetika pod red. R.F. Nasyrovoj, N.G. Neznanova.—SPb: Izdatel'stvo DEAN. 2019:405. (In Russ.).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.