ppanPersonalized Psychiatry and NeurologyPersonalized Psychiatry and Neurology2712-9179V. M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Bekhterev NMRC PN)10.52667/2712-9179-2024-4-4-11-25ppan-118Research ArticleREVIEWModern Psychiatry: from Theory to PracticePetrovaN. N.

Nataliia N. Petrova

Saint Petersburg

petrova_nn@mail.ruSt. Petersburg State UniversityRussian Federation202418122024441125Copyright © Petrova N.N., 20242024Petrova N.N.Petrova N.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.jppn.ru/jour/article/view/118

In this review scientific papers published on eLibrary, PubMed, Google Scholar were searched and analyzed for all time till 2024 year on the problem of neuropsychiatry, translational neuro-science, biomarkers. The issues of precision psychiatry and targeted therapy of mental disorders are considered. The ways of bridging the gap between theoretical and practical (clinical) psychiatry are discussed.

translational neuroscienceneuropsychiatrybiomarkersReferencesWhiteford, H.A.; Degenhardt, L.; Rehm, J.; et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013, 382(9904):1575-1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6.Whiteford, H.A.; Degenhardt, L.; Rehm, J.; et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013, 382(9904):1575-1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6.World Health Organization. Depression: Fact Sheet (updated Feb 2017). WHO, 2018. (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/).World Health Organization. Depression: Fact Sheet (updated Feb 2017). WHO, 2018. (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/).Chang, C.K.; Hayes, R.D.; Perera, G.; et al. Life expectancy at birth for people with serious mental illness and other major disorders from a secondary mental health care case register in London. PLoS One. 2011, 6(5):e19590. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019590.Chang, C.K.; Hayes, R.D.; Perera, G.; et al. Life expectancy at birth for people with serious mental illness and other major disorders from a secondary mental health care case register in London. PLoS One. 2011, 6(5):e19590. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019590.Teng, A.; Taylor, Z.; Pfeffer, J.; Williams, L.M. Using longitudinal prescription data to examine the incidence of other chronic diseases following antidepressant use. J Psychiatric Research. 2020, 125:7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.030.Teng, A.; Taylor, Z.; Pfeffer, J.; Williams, L.M. Using longitudinal prescription data to examine the incidence of other chronic diseases following antidepressant use. J Psychiatric Research. 2020, 125:7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.030.Huhn, M.; Tardy, M.; Spineli, L.M.; et al. Efficacy of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for adult psychiatric disorders: a systematic overview of meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014, 71(6):706-15. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.112.Huhn, M.; Tardy, M.; Spineli, L.M.; et al. Efficacy of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for adult psychiatric disorders: a systematic overview of meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014, 71(6):706-15. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.112.Kahn, R.S.; Sommer, I.E.; Murray, R.M.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; Weinberger, D.R.; Cannon, T.D.; O'Donovan, M.; Correll, C.U.; Kane, J.M.; van, Os. J.; Insel, T.R. Schizophrenia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015, 1:15067. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.67.Kahn, R.S.; Sommer, I.E.; Murray, R.M.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; Weinberger, D.R.; Cannon, T.D.; O'Donovan, M.; Correll, C.U.; Kane, J.M.; van, Os. J.; Insel, T.R. Schizophrenia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015, 1:15067. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.67.Berton, O.; Nestler, E.J. New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006, 7(2):137-51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1846.Berton, O.; Nestler, E.J. New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006, 7(2):137-51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1846.Agid, Y.; Buzsáki, G.; Diamond, D.M.; et al. How can drug discovery for psychiatric disorders be improved? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007, 6(3):189-201. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2217.Agid, Y.; Buzsáki, G.; Diamond, D.M.; et al. How can drug discovery for psychiatric disorders be improved? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007, 6(3):189-201. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2217.Stephan, K.E.; Bach, D.R.; Fletcher, P.C.; et al. Charting the landscape of priority problems in psychiatry, part 1: classification and diagnosis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016, 3(1):77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00361-2.Stephan, K.E.; Bach, D.R.; Fletcher, P.C.; et al. Charting the landscape of priority problems in psychiatry, part 1: classification and diagnosis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016, 3(1):77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00361-2.Stephan, K.E.; Binder, E.B.; Breakspear, M.; et al. Charting the landscape of priority problems in psychiatry, part 2: pathogenesis and aetiology. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016, 3(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00360-0.Stephan, K.E.; Binder, E.B.; Breakspear, M.; et al. Charting the landscape of priority problems in psychiatry, part 2: pathogenesis and aetiology. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016, 3(1):84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00360-0.Marazziti, D. Biomarkers and Emerging Drug Targets in Neuropsychiatry (Part I). Curr Med Chem. 2022, 29(35):5583. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986732935220907150412.Marazziti, D. Biomarkers and Emerging Drug Targets in Neuropsychiatry (Part I). Curr Med Chem. 2022, 29(35):5583. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986732935220907150412.Shulman, R.G. Neuroscience: A multidisciplinary, multilevel field. In: Shulman RG editor. Brain Imaging: What it Can (and Cannot) Tell Us About Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013, 59-74.Shulman, R.G. Neuroscience: A multidisciplinary, multilevel field. In: Shulman RG editor. Brain Imaging: What it Can (and Cannot) Tell Us About Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013, 59-74.Ogawa, H.; Oka, K. Methods in Neuroethological Research. Tokyo: Springer. 2013.Ogawa, H.; Oka, K. Methods in Neuroethological Research. Tokyo: Springer. 2013.Tanner, K.D. Issues in Neuroscience Education: Making Connections. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2006, 5(2):85. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.06-04-0156.Tanner, K.D. Issues in Neuroscience Education: Making Connections. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2006, 5(2):85. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.06-04-0156.Kandel, E.; Koester, J.D.; Mack, S.H.; Siegelbaum, S. Principles of Neural Science. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2021.Kandel, E.; Koester, J.D.; Mack, S.H.; Siegelbaum, S. Principles of Neural Science. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2021.Samancı, B.M.; Yıldızhan, E.; Tüzün, E. Neuropsychiatry in the Century of Neuroscience. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2022, 59(1):S1-S2. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.28375.Samancı, B.M.; Yıldızhan, E.; Tüzün, E. Neuropsychiatry in the Century of Neuroscience. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2022, 59(1):S1-S2. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.28375.Sullivan, P.F.; Geschwind, D.H. Defining the genetic, genomic, cellular, and diagnostic architectures of psychiatric disorders. Cell. 2019, 177(1):162-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.015.Sullivan, P.F.; Geschwind, D.H. Defining the genetic, genomic, cellular, and diagnostic architectures of psychiatric disorders. Cell. 2019, 177(1):162-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.015.Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, A.; Cruz-Fuentes, C.S.; Genis-Mendoza, A.D.; Nicolini, H. CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Approaches for Psychiatric Research. Braz J Psychiatry. 2023, 45(2):137-145. https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2913.Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, A.; Cruz-Fuentes, C.S.; Genis-Mendoza, A.D.; Nicolini, H. CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Approaches for Psychiatric Research. Braz J Psychiatry. 2023, 45(2):137-145. https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2913.Buckholtz, J.W.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Psychopathology and the human connectome: toward a transdiagnostic model of risk for mental illness. Neuron. 2012, 74(6):990-1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.002.Buckholtz, J.W.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Psychopathology and the human connectome: toward a transdiagnostic model of risk for mental illness. Neuron. 2012, 74(6):990-1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.002.Nestler, E.J.; Peña, C.J.; Kundakovic, M.; Mitchell, A.; Akbarian, S. Epigenetic basis of mental illness. Neuroscientist. 2016, 22(5):447-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858415608147.Nestler, E.J.; Peña, C.J.; Kundakovic, M.; Mitchell, A.; Akbarian, S. Epigenetic basis of mental illness. Neuroscientist. 2016, 22(5):447-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858415608147.Orrù, G.; Pettersson-Yeo, W.; Marquand, A.F.; et al. Using Support Vector Machine to identify imaging biomarkers of neurological and psychiatric disease: a critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012, 36(4):1140-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.01.004.Orrù, G.; Pettersson-Yeo, W.; Marquand, A.F.; et al. Using Support Vector Machine to identify imaging biomarkers of neurological and psychiatric disease: a critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012, 36(4):1140-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.01.004.Grezenko, H.; Ekhator, C.; Nwabugwu, N.U.; et al. Epigenetics in neurological and psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review of current understanding and future perspectives. Cureus. 2023, 15(8):e43960. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43960.Grezenko, H.; Ekhator, C.; Nwabugwu, N.U.; et al. Epigenetics in neurological and psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review of current understanding and future perspectives. Cureus. 2023, 15(8):e43960. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43960.Insel, T.R.; Cuthbert, B.N. Medicine. Brain disorders? Precisely. Science. 2015, 348(6234):499-500. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2358.Insel, T.R.; Cuthbert, B.N. Medicine. Brain disorders? Precisely. Science. 2015, 348(6234):499-500. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2358.Taslim, S.; Shadmani, S.; Saleem, A.R.; et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders: bridging the gap between neurology and psychiatry. Cureus. 2024, 16(1):e51655. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.51655.Taslim, S.; Shadmani, S.; Saleem, A.R.; et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders: bridging the gap between neurology and psychiatry. Cureus. 2024, 16(1):e51655. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.51655.Koliatsos, V.E.; Wisner-Carlson, R.; Watkins, C. Neuropsychiatry: definitions, concepts, and patient types. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2020, 43:213-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2020.02.007.Koliatsos, V.E.; Wisner-Carlson, R.; Watkins, C. Neuropsychiatry: definitions, concepts, and patient types. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2020, 43:213-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2020.02.007.Medina-Rodríguez, J.C. Exploring neuropsychiatry: contemporary challenges, breakthroughs, and philosophical perspectives. Cureus. 2023, 15(11):e49404. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.49404.Medina-Rodríguez, J.C. Exploring neuropsychiatry: contemporary challenges, breakthroughs, and philosophical perspectives. Cureus. 2023, 15(11):e49404. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.49404.Yatham, L.N.; Thibaut, F. Translational chasm and dialogues in clinical neuroscience. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2022, 23(1):1-2. https://doi.org/10.1080/19585969.2022.2073566.Yatham, L.N.; Thibaut, F. Translational chasm and dialogues in clinical neuroscience. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2022, 23(1):1-2. https://doi.org/10.1080/19585969.2022.2073566.Torres, E.B.; Isenhower, R.W.; Nguyen, J.; et al. Toward Precision Psychiatry: statistical platform for the personalized characterization of natural behaviors. Front. Neurol. 2016, 7, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00008.Torres, E.B.; Isenhower, R.W.; Nguyen, J.; et al. Toward Precision Psychiatry: statistical platform for the personalized characterization of natural behaviors. Front. Neurol. 2016, 7, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00008.Gandal, M.J.; Leppa, V.; Won, H.; et al. The road to precision psychiatry: translating genetics into disease mechanisms. Nat Neurosci. 2016, 19(11):1397-1407. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4409.Gandal, M.J.; Leppa, V.; Won, H.; et al. The road to precision psychiatry: translating genetics into disease mechanisms. Nat Neurosci. 2016, 19(11):1397-1407. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4409.Lin, E.; Tsai, S.J. Genome-wide microarray analysis of gene expression profiling in major depression and antidepressant therapy. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2016, 64:334–340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00008.Lin, E.; Tsai, S.J. Genome-wide microarray analysis of gene expression profiling in major depression and antidepressant therapy. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2016, 64:334–340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00008.Lin, E.; Lane, H.Y. Machine learning and systems genomics approaches for multi-omics data. Biomark Res. 2017, 5, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-017-0082-y.Lin, E.; Lane, H.Y. Machine learning and systems genomics approaches for multi-omics data. Biomark Res. 2017, 5, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-017-0082-y.Bzdok, D.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Machine learning for precision psychiatry: opportunities and challenges. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 2018, 3:223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.11.007.Bzdok, D.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Machine learning for precision psychiatry: opportunities and challenges. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 2018, 3:223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.11.007.Davatzikos, C. Machine learning in neuroimaging: Progress and challenges. Neuroimage. 2019, 197:652-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.003.Davatzikos, C. Machine learning in neuroimaging: Progress and challenges. Neuroimage. 2019, 197:652-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.003.Sullivan, P.F.; Agrawal, A.; Bulik, C.M.; et al. Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Psychiatric Genomics: an update and an agenda. Am J Psychiatry. 2018, 175(1):15-27. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030283.Sullivan, P.F.; Agrawal, A.; Bulik, C.M.; et al. Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Psychiatric Genomics: an update and an agenda. Am J Psychiatry. 2018, 175(1):15-27. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030283.Singh, A.B.; Bousman, C.A.; Ng, C.H.; Berk, M. Antidepressant pharmacogenetics. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2017, 51(8):776-87. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000023.Singh, A.B.; Bousman, C.A.; Ng, C.H.; Berk, M. Antidepressant pharmacogenetics. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2017, 51(8):776-87. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000023.Woo, C.W.; Wager, T.D. Neuroimaging-based biomarker discovery and validation. PAIN. 2015, 156(8): 1379-1381. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000223.Woo, C.W.; Wager, T.D. Neuroimaging-based biomarker discovery and validation. PAIN. 2015, 156(8): 1379-1381. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000223.Miller BJ, Buckley P. Precision medicine in psychiatry. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017, 37(6):703-707.Miller BJ, Buckley P. Precision medicine in psychiatry. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017, 37(6):703-707.Dwyer, D.B.; Falkai, P.; Koutsouleris, N. Machine learning approaches for clinical psychology and psychiatry. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2018, 14:91-118. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045037.Dwyer, D.B.; Falkai, P.; Koutsouleris, N. Machine learning approaches for clinical psychology and psychiatry. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2018, 14:91-118. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045037.Lin, E.; Kuo, P.-H.; Liu, Y.-L.; et al. Polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene EXO1 modulate cognitive aging in old adults in a Taiwanese population. DNA Repair (Amst). 2019, 78:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.013.Lin, E.; Kuo, P.-H.; Liu, Y.-L.; et al. Polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene EXO1 modulate cognitive aging in old adults in a Taiwanese population. DNA Repair (Amst). 2019, 78:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.013.Stein, M.B.; Smoller, J.W. Precision psychiatry-will genomic medicine lead the way? JAMA Psychiatry. 2018, 75(7):663-664. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0375.Stein, M.B.; Smoller, J.W. Precision psychiatry-will genomic medicine lead the way? JAMA Psychiatry. 2018, 75(7):663-664. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0375.Lin, C.H.; Lin, E.; Lane, H.Y. Genetic biomarkers on age-related cognitive decline. Front Psychiatry. 2017, 8:247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00247.Lin, C.H.; Lin, E.; Lane, H.Y. Genetic biomarkers on age-related cognitive decline. Front Psychiatry. 2017, 8:247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00247.Iniesta, R.; Stahl, D.; McGuffin, P. Machine learning, statistical learning and the future of biological research in psychiatry. Psychol. Med. 2016, 46:2455–2465.Iniesta, R.; Stahl, D.; McGuffin, P. Machine learning, statistical learning and the future of biological research in psychiatry. Psychol. Med. 2016, 46:2455–2465.Mukherjee, S.; Asnani, H.; Lin, E.; Kannan, S. ClusterGAN: Latent space clustering in generative adversarial networks. Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell. 2019, 33. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014610Mukherjee, S.; Asnani, H.; Lin, E.; Kannan, S. ClusterGAN: Latent space clustering in generative adversarial networks. Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell. 2019, 33. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014610Hu, Y.; Hase, T.; Li, H.P.; et al. A machine learning approach for the identification of key markers involved in brain development from single-cell transcriptomic data. BMC Genom. 2016, 17(13):1025. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3317-7Hu, Y.; Hase, T.; Li, H.P.; et al. A machine learning approach for the identification of key markers involved in brain development from single-cell transcriptomic data. BMC Genom. 2016, 17(13):1025. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3317-7Lin, E.; Tsai, S.-J. Diagnostic prediction based on gene expression profiles and artificial neural networks. soft computing for biological systems. Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2018, 13–22.Lin, E.; Tsai, S.-J. Diagnostic prediction based on gene expression profiles and artificial neural networks. soft computing for biological systems. Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2018, 13–22.Williams, L.M. Special report: precision psychiatry—Are we getting closer? Psychiatric News. 2022, 57(9). https://doi.org/ 10.1176/appi.pn.2022.09.9.23Williams, L.M. Special report: precision psychiatry—Are we getting closer? Psychiatric News. 2022, 57(9). https://doi.org/ 10.1176/appi.pn.2022.09.9.23Dalvie, S.; Koen, N.; McGregor, N.; et al. Toward a global roadmap for precision medicine in psychiatry: challenges and opportunities. OMICS. 2016, 20(10):557-564. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2016.0110.Dalvie, S.; Koen, N.; McGregor, N.; et al. Toward a global roadmap for precision medicine in psychiatry: challenges and opportunities. OMICS. 2016, 20(10):557-564. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2016.0110.Williams, L.M. Precision psychiatry: A neural circuit taxonomy for depression and anxiety. Lancet Psychiatry 2016, 3, 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00579-9.Williams, L.M. Precision psychiatry: A neural circuit taxonomy for depression and anxiety. Lancet Psychiatry 2016, 3, 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00579-9.Lin, E.; Lin, C.H.; Lane, H.Y. Precision psychiatry applications with pharmacogenomics: artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21(3):969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030969.Lin, E.; Lin, C.H.; Lane, H.Y. Precision psychiatry applications with pharmacogenomics: artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2020, 21(3):969. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030969.Lin, E.; Tsai, S.-J. Multi-omics and machine learning applications in precision medicine. Curr. Pharm. Pers. Med. (Former. Curr. Pharm.) 2017, 15, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875692115666170616093844.Lin, E.; Tsai, S.-J. Multi-omics and machine learning applications in precision medicine. Curr. Pharm. Pers. Med. (Former. Curr. Pharm.) 2017, 15, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875692115666170616093844.Serretti, A. The present and future of precision medicine in psychiatry: focus on clinical psychopharmacology of antidepressants. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2018, 16(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.1.Serretti, A. The present and future of precision medicine in psychiatry: focus on clinical psychopharmacology of antidepressants. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2018, 16(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.1.Scala, J.J.; Ganz, A.B.; Snyder, M.P. Precision medicine approaches to mental health care. Physiology (Bethesda). 2023, 38(2):0. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00013.2022.Scala, J.J.; Ganz, A.B.; Snyder, M.P. Precision medicine approaches to mental health care. Physiology (Bethesda). 2023, 38(2):0. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00013.2022.Hutson, P.H.; Clark, J.A.; Cross, A.J. CNS target identification and validation: avoiding the valley of death or naive optimism? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017, 57:171-187. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104624.Hutson, P.H.; Clark, J.A.; Cross, A.J. CNS target identification and validation: avoiding the valley of death or naive optimism? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017, 57:171-187. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104624.Blokland, A. Drug Discovery in CNS: Finding a target for what? In: Schreiber, R. (eds) Modern CNS Drug Discovery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62351-7_2Blokland, A. Drug Discovery in CNS: Finding a target for what? In: Schreiber, R. (eds) Modern CNS Drug Discovery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62351-7_2Halene, T.B.; Vahdat, L.T. Molecular mechanisms of psychiatric disease. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine. 2018, 10(3):e1424.Halene, T.B.; Vahdat, L.T. Molecular mechanisms of psychiatric disease. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine. 2018, 10(3):e1424.Sanacora, G.; Frye, M.A.; McDonald, W.; et al. American Psychiatric Association (APA) Council of Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments. A Consensus Statement on the Use of Ketamine in the Treatment of Mood Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017, 74(4):399-405. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0080.Sanacora, G.; Frye, M.A.; McDonald, W.; et al. American Psychiatric Association (APA) Council of Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments. A Consensus Statement on the Use of Ketamine in the Treatment of Mood Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017, 74(4):399-405. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0080.Popik, P.; Kozela, E.; Krawczyk, M. Gliptins: a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of depression? CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets. 2014, 13(10):1630-41. 27.Popik, P.; Kozela, E.; Krawczyk, M. Gliptins: a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of depression? CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets. 2014, 13(10):1630-41. 27.Jurek, B.; Neumann, I.D.; Theodorsson, E. How to study sex differences in addiction using animal models. Addiction Biology. 2015, 20(5):911-937.Jurek, B.; Neumann, I.D.; Theodorsson, E. How to study sex differences in addiction using animal models. Addiction Biology. 2015, 20(5):911-937.Goldsmith, D.R.; Haroon, E.; Miller, AH. Major depressive disorder in youths: clinical and treatment implications. Pediatric drugs. 2017, 19(4):329-42.Goldsmith, D.R.; Haroon, E.; Miller, AH. Major depressive disorder in youths: clinical and treatment implications. Pediatric drugs. 2017, 19(4):329-42.Javitt. D.C.; Zukin, S.R. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1991, 148(10):1301-8. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.10.1301.Javitt. D.C.; Zukin, S.R. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1991, 148(10):1301-8. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.10.1301.Mueller, L.G.; Slusher, B.S.; Tsukamoto, T. Empirical analysis of drug targets for nervous system disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2024, 15(3):394-399. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00676.Mueller, L.G.; Slusher, B.S.; Tsukamoto, T. Empirical analysis of drug targets for nervous system disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2024, 15(3):394-399. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00676.van der Doef, T.F.; Zaragoza, D.S.; Jacobs, G.E.; et al. New approaches in psychiatric drug development. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018, 28(9):983-993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.006.van der Doef, T.F.; Zaragoza, D.S.; Jacobs, G.E.; et al. New approaches in psychiatric drug development. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018, 28(9):983-993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.006.Littman, B.H.; Di Mario, L.; Plebani, M.; Marincola, F.M. What's next in translational medicine? Clin Sci (Lond). 2007, 112(4):217-227. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20060108.Littman, B.H.; Di Mario, L.; Plebani, M.; Marincola, F.M. What's next in translational medicine? Clin Sci (Lond). 2007, 112(4):217-227. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20060108.Hurko, O. The uses of biomarkers in drug development. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009, 1180:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04946.x.Hurko, O. The uses of biomarkers in drug development. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009, 1180:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04946.x.Hurko, O. Future drug discovery and development. Mol Genet Metab. 2010, 100 (1):92-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.01.010.Hurko, O. Future drug discovery and development. Mol Genet Metab. 2010, 100 (1):92-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.01.010.Insel, T.R. Translating scientific opportunity into public health impact: a strategic plan for research on mental illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2017, 68(1):14-20.Insel, T.R. Translating scientific opportunity into public health impact: a strategic plan for research on mental illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2017, 68(1):14-20.Machado-Vieira, R. Tracking the impact of translational research in psychiatry: state of the art and perspectives. J Transl Med. 2012, 10:175. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-10-175.Machado-Vieira, R. Tracking the impact of translational research in psychiatry: state of the art and perspectives. J Transl Med. 2012, 10:175. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-10-175.Hyman, S.E. Revolution stalled. Sci Transl Med. 2012, 4(155):155cm11. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003142.Hyman, S.E. Revolution stalled. Sci Transl Med. 2012, 4(155):155cm11. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003142.Nosek, B.A.; Alter, G.; Banks, G.C.; et al. Promoting an open research culture. Science. 2015, 348(6242):1422-5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2374.Nosek, B.A.; Alter, G.; Banks, G.C.; et al. Promoting an open research culture. Science. 2015, 348(6242):1422-5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2374.Miller, G. Mental health funding: closing the gap between research and practice. Science. 2010, 327(5969):1193-4.Miller, G. Mental health funding: closing the gap between research and practice. Science. 2010, 327(5969):1193-4.DeJong, C.; Aguilar, T.; Tseng, C.; et al. Pharmaceutical Industry–Sponsored Meals and Physician Prescribing Patterns for Medicare Beneficiaries. JAMA Intern Med. 2016, 176(8):1114–1122. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2765DeJong, C.; Aguilar, T.; Tseng, C.; et al. Pharmaceutical Industry–Sponsored Meals and Physician Prescribing Patterns for Medicare Beneficiaries. JAMA Intern Med. 2016, 176(8):1114–1122. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2765Tanaka, M.; Battaglia, S.; Giménez-Llort, L.; et al. Innovation at the intersection: emerging translational research in neurology and psychiatry. Cells. 2024, 13(10):790. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13100790.Tanaka, M.; Battaglia, S.; Giménez-Llort, L.; et al. Innovation at the intersection: emerging translational research in neurology and psychiatry. Cells. 2024, 13(10):790. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13100790.Meijboom, F.L.B.; Kostrzewa. E.; Leenaars, C.H.C. Joining forces: the need to combine science and ethics to address problems of validity and translation in neuropsychiatry research using animal models. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2020, 15(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13010-019-0085-4.Meijboom, F.L.B.; Kostrzewa. E.; Leenaars, C.H.C. Joining forces: the need to combine science and ethics to address problems of validity and translation in neuropsychiatry research using animal models. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2020, 15(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13010-019-0085-4.García-Gutiérrez, M.S.; Navarrete, F.; Sala, F.; et al. Biomarkers in psychiatry: concept, definition, types and relevance to the clinical reality. Front Psychiatry. 2020, 11:432. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00432.García-Gutiérrez, M.S.; Navarrete, F.; Sala, F.; et al. Biomarkers in psychiatry: concept, definition, types and relevance to the clinical reality. Front Psychiatry. 2020, 11:432. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00432.Emerson, E.; Einfeld, S.L. Challenging Behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511861178Emerson, E.; Einfeld, S.L. Challenging Behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511861178Chumakov, E.; Dorofeikova, M.; Tsyrenova, K.; Petrova, N. A cross-sectional study on associations between BDNF, CRP, IL-6 and clinical symptoms, cognitive and personal performance in patients with paranoid schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry 2022, 13:943869. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.943869Chumakov, E.; Dorofeikova, M.; Tsyrenova, K.; Petrova, N. A cross-sectional study on associations between BDNF, CRP, IL-6 and clinical symptoms, cognitive and personal performance in patients with paranoid schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry 2022, 13:943869. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.943869Dorofeikova, M.; Neznanov, N.; Petrova, N. Cognitive deficit in patients with paranoid schizophrenia: Its clinical and laboratory correlates. Psychiatry Research 2018, 262:542-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.041Dorofeikova, M.; Neznanov, N.; Petrova, N. Cognitive deficit in patients with paranoid schizophrenia: Its clinical and laboratory correlates. Psychiatry Research 2018, 262:542-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.041Brady, L.S.; Lisanby, S.H.; Gordon, J.A. New directions in psychiatric drug development: promising therapeutics in the pipeline. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2023, 18(8):835-850. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2023.2224555.Brady, L.S.; Lisanby, S.H.; Gordon, J.A. New directions in psychiatric drug development: promising therapeutics in the pipeline. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2023, 18(8):835-850. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2023.2224555.Petrova, N .; Dorofeikova, M. Psychiatry as clinical neuroscience: present and future. Neurology bulletin named after V.M. Bekhterev. 2020, LII(4):12–19. https://doi.org/10.17816/nb52656Petrova, N .; Dorofeikova, M. Psychiatry as clinical neuroscience: present and future. Neurology bulletin named after V.M. Bekhterev. 2020, LII(4):12–19. https://doi.org/10.17816/nb52656Arbuckle, M.R.; Travis, M.J.; Ross, D.A. Integrating a neuroscience perspective into clinical psychiatry today. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017, 74(4):313-314. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3849.Arbuckle, M.R.; Travis, M.J.; Ross, D.A. Integrating a neuroscience perspective into clinical psychiatry today. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017, 74(4):313-314. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3849.Cooper, J.J.; Korb, A.S.; Akil, M. Bringing neuroscience to the bedside. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019, 17(1):2-7. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20180033.Cooper, J.J.; Korb, A.S.; Akil, M. Bringing neuroscience to the bedside. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019, 17(1):2-7. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20180033.Strege, M.V.; Persons, J.B.; Ressler, K.J.; et al. Integrating neuroscience into clinical practice: current opinions and dialogue between drs. Jacqueline Persons and Kerry Ressler. Behav Ther (N Y N Y). 2021, 44(7):326-334.Strege, M.V.; Persons, J.B.; Ressler, K.J.; et al. Integrating neuroscience into clinical practice: current opinions and dialogue between drs. Jacqueline Persons and Kerry Ressler. Behav Ther (N Y N Y). 2021, 44(7):326-334.Cooper, J.; Walke, A.E. Neuroscience education: making it relevant to psychiatric training. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2021, 44(2):295-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2020.12.008Cooper, J.; Walke, A.E. Neuroscience education: making it relevant to psychiatric training. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2021, 44(2):295-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2020.12.008Gómez-Carrillo, A.; Kirmayer, L.J.; Aggarwal, N.K.; et al. Integrating neuroscience in psychiatry: a cultural-ecosocial systemic approach. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023, 10(4):296-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00006-8.Gómez-Carrillo, A.; Kirmayer, L.J.; Aggarwal, N.K.; et al. Integrating neuroscience in psychiatry: a cultural-ecosocial systemic approach. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023, 10(4):296-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00006-8.Griffiths, R.R.; Johnson, M.W.; Carducci, M.A.; et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016, 30(12):1181-1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513.Griffiths, R.R.; Johnson, M.W.; Carducci, M.A.; et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016, 30(12):1181-1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.